These specimens include several unique and exciting collections. SFSU holds a comprehensive collection of manzanitas (Arctostaphylos), one of California's iconic genera of shrubs and trees with flat, often frosted leaves and peeling reddish bark. CDA contains California's collection of noxious weeds and agricultural plants, preserving a detailed record of plant introductions to California over the past 100 years.

Each new collection contributes an important piece to the puzzle of plant diversity in the California Floristic Province. With the data produced from this new PEN, we hope to better understand changes in flowering time across the whole CFP and among the diverse taxonomic groups in this region and beyond.

To learn more about these new grants, visit their NSF award pages, linked below:
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2001641
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2001535
​https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2001644

Image credits:
CFP: Adapted from Noah Elhardt, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Manzanita: Paul Asman and Jill Lenoble, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
Yellow starthistle: creative commons

With the COVID-19 pandemic raging on, scientific conferences across the world were canceled, delayed, and overall faced with chaos, leading to much disappointment throughout the community. Dissemination of research and discussing new ideas are essential elements of the scientific process, and conferences are important environments for these activities. The CAP Network was looking forward to sharing about the new undergraduate research course they developed in spring 2020, as well as continue to bring our data to the attention of potential collaborators, at Botany 2020, the annual, international conference of plant scientists. The pandemic seemed to stymie these plans.

Fortunately, the Botany conference pressed on. With a heroic effort, the organizers pivoted to an all-digital conference that, perhaps unsurprisingly, resulted in a massive uptick in registrations. Over a thousand plant scientists across the globe participated in the conference, despite juggling the innumerable challenges of COVID-19 life, from child care to online teaching to navigating different time zones.

Another benefit of the digital Botany 2020 conference is that nearly all the presentations were pre-recorded or recorded during the session, resulting in hundreds of high-quality scientific presentations digitally preserved and available for further dissemination. The CAP Network has uploaded our presentations to our YouTube channel. We hope you enjoy learning about recent developments in the CAP Network. Look out for more Botany 2020 presentations coming online in the next few weeks as scientists eagerly share their work.

Halfway into year 2 of the California Phenology Network project, we were faced with a dilemma. With thousands of herbarium specimen images being added to the CCH2 portal each week, the potential for uncovering new information about plant phenological events, such as climate-induced changes in flowering times, was also growing. How can we effectively harness these new data, given the wild diversity of our beautiful state? More still, how can we empower more scientists to do the same?

The CAP Network decided to start with the rising generation of scientists. Lead-PI Jenn Yost, project manager Katie Pearson, and two graduate students at UC Santa Barbara, Natalie Love and Tadeo Ramirez Parada, designed a 10-week course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) that focused on using digitized herbarium data to study plant phenological change. Almost all the materials were created from the ground up, from assignments to the R code that students would use to analyze their data. After iterative development with four advanced students in the winter quarter, the course was ready for its pilot run at Cal Poly for the spring 2020 quarter. Little did we know that the commencement of the course would correspond with the shutdown of California due to Covid-19.

The course was quickly migrated online and shortened to nine weeks, yet registration numbers continued to climb to 19 students. On the first day of class, all nineteen students logged into Zoom, cameras on, eager to discuss the pre-course readings and delve into crafting scientific questions.

This being the first implementation of the course, there were many challenges, many owing to the use of R (a commonly used programming language in biological sciences) to clean the data and conduct analyses. Nevertheless, the students persisted. Each student drafted a research question and selected a study species or set of species by week 2, and over the following weeks learned to generate phenological and georeference data from images of herbarium specimens in CCH2; download, manipulate, and clean specimen data; analyze the data using linear regression in R; interpret their results; and design further analyses when needed. In the end, each student summarized their research in a scientific poster. On the last day of class, the students presented their posters, showcasing the trends they discovered. Most plant species they studied responded in one way or another to changes in climate.

Despite setbacks due to the global pandemic, the newness of the course, and coding problems, the results of the course were overwhelmingly positive. Students remained engaged every class, and many started to solve code and analysis problems on their own. Even in the midst of seemingly endless troubleshooting, one student remarked:

Results from a pre-course and post-course assessment, aimed at measuring learning outcomes, were also strongly positive. Students reported significant improvements in their understanding of key topics such as reading primary scientific literature and designing an experiment or analysis to answer a scientific question. Students also reported that they were now more comfortable practicing research skills like manipulating and cleaning data, analyzing data using linear regression, working with herbarium specimen data, and creating a scientific poster.

The course developers, with help from PIs Susan Mazer and Katja Seltmann, hope to improve the course  over the summer and fall months with the goal of producing a more streamlined, universalizeable curriculum that can be adopted at other institutions. The course is scheduled to run again at Cal Poly during the winter quarter of 2021 and will hopefully spread across the state and beyond, building a network of students empowered with new data skills and scientific experience.

For more information about this course, visit our beta course page. As the course is developed, more content will be added to this page.
To read the Cal Poly Report article about this course, visit this page: ​https://www.calpoly.edu/news/botany-students-study-effects-climate-change-using-100-year-old-plants

One of the most essential pieces of data captured by an herbarium specimen is where the plant was found. Herbarium specimens underlie our understanding of where plants occur on this big, green planet. Aggregation of specimen data on large scales, enabled by mass digitization projects (e.g., our own California Phenology Network), can furthermore help us determine why plants occur where they do (Loiselle et al. 2008) and how distributions are changing (Wolf et al. 2016). Building a map of plant distributions across time and space, however, is no simple feat.

Although collaborators and volunteers in the California Phenology Network remain scattered and largely at home during this global pandemic, we are making huge advances in georeferencing California collections. The graphic below shows the georeferencing progress of just one collection, the Cal Poly Hoover Herbarium, from February to June, 2020. Over 1500 specimens were georeferenced during these few short months, and the numbers only continue to grow.

This success is largely made possible by dedicated students, staff, and volunteers, but there is always a need for more help. Volunteers from all over the state—and beyond!—are joining the georeferencing community and contributing to this significant effort. Can you help us fill in the gaps?

When you first learn about stacks of plant specimens housed in herbaria, it is tempting to envision these collections as quiet, inanimate storage spaces. You can imagine the smells of paper and dust, the quiet hum of florescent lights, and imposing rows of tightly shut cabinets. Indeed, many California herbaria are currently fated to this state with the shelter-at-home order still in place, but this was not always the case. ​Herbaria can be bustling hubs of creating, tending, discovering, and learning, and without constant care and curation, years of hard-earned data can be imperiled. Even when students learn from home and researchers keep to their desks, herbaria still require resources and attention.

Herbarium specimens are like delicate archival books: subject to rot, insect infestation, and general decay when not properly cared for. This is particularly important in warm environments, where heat and humidity can accelerate deterioration, the growth of mold, and the proliferation of pests. In California, one such infamous pest is the cigarette beetle, a tiny but destructive creature that can consume all plant matter on an herbarium specimen (and leave holes in the mounting paper, to boot!). Book lice are even smaller pests—about the size of a grain of sand—that nevertheless have huge appetites and can munch through herbarium specimens at startling speed. Flowers and fruits, perhaps the most important features for conclusively identifying most plant species, are often the first parts to be targeted.

Controlling pests is a continuous battle. Historically, curators and collections managers used pesticides, but since these substances are often toxic to humans as well as pests, modern managers typically rely on integrated pest management: maintaining an environment that prevent pests and controlling outbreaks by freezing infected specimens. While safer, this approach takes a lot of work. The environmental conditions of the herbarium must be monitored for appropriate temperature and humidity, and cabinets must be constantly checked for new infestations. Once an outbreak is discovered, the cabinet must be sanitized and its entire contents frozen for several weeks. Without regular and careful observation, major and irreversible damage can occur in a relatively short amount of time.

Herbarium curation also includes repairing damaged specimens, organizing specimens that were pulled for research or other use, and—in most collections—keeping up with the backlog of specimens that have been deposited in the herbarium over time. (The latter task can be surprisingly formidable; large herbaria may have full-time staff whose sole responsibility is to mount specimens!) In addition, when not sheltering-at-home, herbarium staff lead tours of students and naturalist groups, and they help researchers, land managers, and the public find the botanical resources they need. All in the day's work for a curator of one of the world's most important sources of botanical data.

​Don't let the tall, steel doors and stacks of papers fool you; herbaria are active spaces that need constant, careful support to preserve the irreplaceable data held within. These institutions safeguard centuries of botanical knowledge and hold the keys to countless future discoveries.

While many herbarium collections across the state are sitting in silence, their curators, data managers, technicians, and volunteers are doing quite the opposite. Herbarium databases are a flurry of activity as faculty, staff, and citizen scientists take advantage of the past years of digitization efforts to create and expand herbarium specimen data. Thousands of the >560,000 specimens imaged by the California Phenology Network since January 2019 still need to have their label data entered in the database. These and many thousands more still need to be georeferenced—assigned latitude and longitude coordinates from the location data on the label. Each of these tasks can be done remotely, thanks to the California Phenology Network's online database (CCH2.org) and citizen science platforms like Notes from Nature.

Volunteers have especially showed up during these difficult times—a true testament to the passion and determination of hundreds of citizen scientists across the globe. (A few extra hours to spare can't hurt, too!) The graph below shows the daily number of transcriptions (specimens that have had their label data entered) on Notes from Nature since mid-February. Since the beginning of the shelter-at-home order in California (red line), transcription numbers have shot up and now remain consistently higher than before.

Students and staff who previously spent hours imaging specimens now find themselves at the computer, learning to transcribe label data and georeference specimen records. Weekly "Zoom office hours" bring these dedicated workers together from across the state to check in, ask and answer questions, and build synergy. In the words of the project manager: "We may be isolated, but we're not alone."

As California begins the long road to re-opening, on-site digitization activities at herbaria will slowly resume at a currently unknown rate. One thing is for sure: the herbarium community and plant enthusiasts are certainly not putting their time to waste.

To learn more about getting involved in at-home digitization activities, contact the CAP project manager, Katie Pearson.

Notes from Nature volunteers may not have known it at the time, but while they transcribed the label of this small and unassuming plant specimen, they were documenting the occurrence of a rare, threatened species.
Phacelia mustelina, comically called "weasel phacelia" or more elegantly "Death Valley round-leaved phacelia" is an uncommon annual herb of eastern California and western Nevada. The California Native Plant Society ranks this species as rare, threatened, and endangered in California and elsewhere, and indeed, in our database (CCH2.org), only 39 herbarium specimens exist from the past 100+ years.
​This newly rediscovered specimen tells us an interesting story about this unique species. Originating from 1972 in Nye county, Nevada, this specimen was collected as part of a botanical inventory of the Nevada Test Site, an outdoor laboratory for nuclear testing that was established by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission soon after World War II. Many specimens from this inventory ended up at the CSU Long Beach Herbarium, where they remained undigitized and thus largely unknown for several decades. With recent digitization efforts from the California Phenology Network, however, these specimens were imaged and included in one of our latest expeditions on Notes from Nature.
​By transcribing information from specimen labels, citizen scientists helped us rediscover this historical occurrence of the rare Phacelia mustelina. These data are critical for assessing the conservation status of this species; if we know where this plant grew historically, we can better know where it might likely still exist. Once we know where and how abundantly this species exists, we can determine whether it needs protection and how to effectively do so.
If you ever wonder whether your help matters, remember the weasel phacelia. Bringing "dark data" to light can us help protect biodiversity on Earth.

Note: Although the image above doesn't show it, documentation of this species in Nevada does exist in other data portals, so this collection at the CSU Long Beach herbarium does not necessarily represent a range extension of the species.

​While working with a batch of specimens, analyzing the contents of their "notes" fields, I came across this strikingly poignant note on a specimen label: "​strong aroma reminds me of deer hunting with dad near Lake Berryessa."

​The tarweed represented by the specimen sheet is nothing particularly spectacular: a handful of cream-colored flowers, likely a little brown and shriveled due to age, on a spindly stem with thin leaves and minute hairs. The data offered by the specimen--date, location, species--are surely worthwhile for studying plant distributions, ecology, and evolution. Yet something about this quick note reminds us that plants can be even more than data points or scientific curiosities. To humans, plants can evoke memories, symbolize ideas, and encapsulate emotions,

Plants have been used as artistic symbols for centuries in art, literature, and everyday life, from giving a bouquet of roses to a lover, to commissioning a painting of yourself with a pineapple to symbolize how extravagantly wealthy you are (yes, that happened; take a look at this painting of Charles II from 1675).

Different plants are used to symbolize an enormous breadth of human emotion and experience. Oaks can represent strength and royalty (one composer called the oak "England's Tree of Liberty"); daisies can symbolize youth and innocence; in China, the plum represents longevity. Artistically and culturally, plants can remind us certain facets of our existence. Take, for example, these lines of a poem by William Wordsworth, reflecting on daffodils as symbols of joy and rebirth:

On a very personal level, the sight, smell, and even sound of plants can bring us back to pleasant days, like the tarweed collector remembered time spent with a loved one. On a walk or looking out a window, during turmoil, plants can remind us that life goes on, that nature has a way of pressing onward, and that we are all somehow connected to one another in this diverse and dynamic world.

Herbaria are far from static collections of dead plants; with the ongoing activity of botanists, curators, and volunteers, herbaria can be dynamic archives of plant life in this era of rapid anthropogenic change. One such significant change documented by herbarium specimens is the introduction of exotic and potentially invasive species--like the newly documented orchid that may have traveled across the U.S. from Florida all the way to California!

But before we talk about invading orchids, let's get one thing straight: how can herbarium specimens document change?

First, herbarium specimens are used to study how non-native plant species have historically invaded novel regions, as well as what characteristics can make a plant invasive and potentially detrimental to native ecosystems. For example, scientists at Butler and Auburn Universities used herbarium specimens to learn that some invasive species in Indiana got loose by escaping from cultivation (Dolan et al. 2011). Another study found evidence that some species that reproduce sexually may be more invasive than plants that primarily reproduce asexually (Lambrinos 2001). Researchers can look at where and when non-native species were collected and determine whether there are predictable patterns in the data.

So, where does the non-native orchid come in? The story is similar to David Keil's cancerwort discovery, but with even more observers. Earlier this month, members of the Orange County Chapter of the California Native Plant Society noticed a strange new plant growing in a road median in Long Beach.

​Botanists took to the investigation. They collected and identified the newcomer as centipede grass orchid (Zeuxine strateumatica), a native of Asia that has become a nuisance in the southeastern U.S. This species had never previously been found in the L.A. Basin and was first collected in the western U.S. only a few years ago in 2017 (Bell & McNeill 2016).  Now, we have physical evidence of this plant's introduction into California in the form of carefully preserved herbarium specimens. One of these specimens was collected by one of the California Phenology Network's principal investigators, Amanda Fisher, who also documented the finding on iNaturalist, an app for documenting observations of plants and animals. No photo can substitute for the physical plant itself, however, which will be carefully safeguarded and studied as evidence of our changing world.

Glossary

• anthropogenic - caused by or initiated by humans
• asexual reproduction - reproduction that occurs without the combination of gametes, such as by producing clonal shoots
• noxious weed - plant taxon that has been designated by a governmental or other entity to be harmful to crops, native ecosystems, or livestock
• sexual reproduction - reproduction that occurs with the combination of gametes, such as that facilitated by flowers

References / Further reading

• Bell DS, McNeill R. 2016. Zeuxine strateumatica. Crossosoma 42(2):93-94.
• Dolan RW, Moore ME, Stephens JD. 2011. Documenting effects of urbanization on flora using herbarium records. Journal of Ecology. 99:1055-1062.
• Lambrinos JG. 2001. The expansion history of a sexual and asexual species of Cortaderia in California, USA. Journal of Ecology. 89:88-98.
• Pearson KD, Mast AM. 2019. Mobilizing the community of biodiversity specimen collectors to effectively detect and document outliers in the Anthropocene. American Journal of Botany​. 106(8): 1052–1058. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851561/pdf/AJB2-106-1052.pdf

​It can be hard to imagine Greater Los Angeles as anything other than the bustling, vibrant, hot, and smoggy metropolis that it currently is. The massive LA metropolitan area is home to some 12.8 million people packed into a sprawling 4,850 square miles dominated by roads, buildings, suburban developments, apartment complexes, and parking lots. But what did it used to look like? Without herbarium specimens, we may have never known.

We may not know in detail what flora and fauna inhabited this lush valley when it was home to Tongva and Chumash tribes prior to the 1550s, but colonial expansion takes time. Western botanists documented plant life in LA basin ecosystems as early as the 1800s, bequeathing us hints of previous ecosystems that are long since buried or past.

​Take, for example, this historical specimen of pointed rush (Juncus oxymeris) collected in 1889 by Scottish-American doctor and botanist Anstruther Davidson.

Like many of its kin, pointed rush is a denizen of wetland places (classified as a “facultative wetland” species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), preferring damp meadows and swales across the western United States (USDA, NCRS 2020; Zika 2015). This is hardly habitat one may associate with LA’s palm trees and oak-lined hills, yet historically, much of the LA basin was wet meadows and marshes (Dark et al. 2011; Grossinger et al. 2011) fed by the ocean and the once free-flowing Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers. With urbanization and taming of these once mighty (and often flooding) rivers into concrete channels, alluvial floodplains diminished and wetlands were drained, leaving little habitat for water-dependent species like the pointed rush.

​Indeed, there are few reports of pointed rush in the Greater LA area since these early collections. A handful of specimens were collected in the nearby Orange County Saddleback region in the late 1920s to early 1930s, but since then, collections of this species have only been made in the surrounding region, largely in hilly meadows and creeksides far removed from the bustle of the city.

​The historical record provided by herbarium specimens is truly irreplaceable. Without these collections, we would have only a dim understanding of the history of life in urbanized areas.